英语写作积累
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我选择的连接词

段开头

开始段开头:Currently + 模版

中间段和结尾段开头:
中立(只有同意与否 – 讨论这样写):on one hand+on the other hand 一方面,另一方面
赞同一方:首先150+但是50(赞同一方)for starters+however

段中

  • 并且:段落之间、句子之间

句首:In addition=besides=Moreover=furthermore =also=additionally

补充 “原因 / 理由”We should reduce plastic use to protect the environment. Moreover, plastic waste takes hundreds of years to decompose, causing long-term harm to ecosystems.(我们应减少塑料使用以保护环境。而且,塑料垃圾需要数百年才能降解,会对生态系统造成长期危害。)

两句话之间:and

  • 但是:段落之间、句子之间

句首:However=by contrast=on the contrary=oppositely

Many people assume that ancient buildings are not as functional as modern ones. On the contrary, some ancient structures were designed with incredible practicality—for example, the Roman aqueducts could transport clean water over hundreds of kilometers, a feat that still impresses engineers today.
(很多人认为古建筑不如现代建筑实用。恰恰相反,一些古建筑的设计极具实用性 —— 例如,罗马水道桥能将清洁水源输送数百公里,这一成就至今仍让工程师们赞叹。)

句子之间:while
表 “对比 / 转折”:前后情况相反或不同
Some people prefer morning exercise, while others like working out in the evening.(有些人喜欢晨练,然而另一些人偏爱晚上运动。)

表 “时间同步”:两个动作同时发生
I was watching a movie while my mom was cooking dinner. 我妈妈做晚饭的时候,我正在看电影
While he reads the newspaper, he always drinks a cup of coffee. 他看报纸时,总会喝一杯咖啡

  • 所以:段落之间、句子之间——引出影响(解释句、举例子)

句首:therefore=thus=thereby=hence=as a result(后面都可以不加逗号,但为了分割逻辑会加)

The equipment is outdated; therefore, it needs to be replaced.

句子之间:so

Regular physical activity improves blood circulation, so it can reduce the risk of certain heart diseases.(规律运动能改善血液循环,因此可降低患某些心脏病的风险。)

It is widely accepted that … 人们普遍认为

  • 因为

句中 on account of(后接名词短语,比 due to 更正式,书面感强)例句:Some species are endangered on account of habitat destruction and illegal hunting.

句首
as / since(后接从句,语气比 because 弱,常放句首)高分点:可用于 “原因在前、结果在后” 的句式,打破 “结果 + because + 原因” 的单一结构。例句:

As technology develops rapidly, traditional jobs are being replaced by AI.(原因在前,结果在后)
Since children spend more time on screens, their eyesight is increasingly affected.

可数名词用复数形式 表示泛指

Computers play an essential role in modern education.
→ 泛指“电脑”这一类设备,而不是某几台。
Students should be encouraged to develop critical thinking.
→ 泛指所有学生,而非某几个。
Computer is important in education.
✔ 应该是:Computers are important in education.

高级替换

  • 家庭household=family
  • 花费:cost=spending=expense=expenditure=消耗 consumption(燃料 食物)=usage 使用
  • 不同的Various=a variety of= diverse
  • 宣传 不要用advertise(to tell the public about a product or a service…)
    • 文化/传统 publicize/promote The government uses short videos to publicize local folk culture.
    • 政策 / 理念 promote/disseminate The campaign aims to promote the concept of energy conservation.
    • 信息 / 知识 disseminate(这个词的定义就是spread信息和知识)
      Hospitals disseminate public health knowledge through community lectures.
    • 商业产品 / 服务 advertise/promote The brand advertises its new smartphone on social media.
  • 情况:circumstance替换 situation /condition,此外circumstance 也可翻译为”环境”“氛围”
    It is difficult to stay focused in noisy circumstances.→ 在嘈杂的氛围中很难集中注意力。
  • 方法:alternatives 替换 method=way=means=approach
  • 重视:give priority to / prioritize 替换pay attention to
  • 接触:have access to 替换 contact
  • 优点:advantages=benefits=merits =positive influences
  • 有益的:beneficial = advantageous 有利的=useful=practical替换 helpful = good =positive
  • 缺点:disadvantages=drawbacks=shortcomings =demerits =weaknesses=negative influences
  • 有害的:bad=detrimental=negative=harmful=adverse
    smoking is detrimental to health
    taxes are having an adverse effect on production
  • 越来越 be becoming increasingly + 形容词
    People’s awareness of health is becoming increasingly strong.(人们的健康意识正变得越来越强。)
  • 考虑:替换consider
    基础结构:take + 名词(需考虑的因素)+ into account
    倒装结构:take into account + 名词(当名词较长时,此结构更简洁)
    政策类:When formulating environmental policies, governments must take the interests of local businesses into account.(制定环境政策时,政府必须将本地企业的利益纳入考虑。)
    教育类:Teachers should take into account the different learning paces of students when designing lesson plans.(设计教案时,教师应考虑到学生不同的学习进度。)
  • 将…视为 regard…as
    Most experts regard mental health as an important part of overall well-being.多数专家将心理健康视为整体健康的重要部分
  • 需求:demand = requirement = necessity
    Clean water and fresh food are necessities for human survival in disaster areas.在灾区,清洁的水和新鲜的食物是人类生存的必要需求
    prerequisite(先决条件;必要需求)
    Proficiency in English is a prerequisite for applying to this international program.英语熟练是申请这个国际项目的必要需求(先决条件)
  • 熟练的:be proficient in 替换familiar with
    She is proficient in using design software like Photoshop and Illustrator.她熟练使用 Photoshop 和 Illustrator 等设计软件
    熟练使用手机已经成为现在必会的技能
    Being proficient in using mobile phones has become an essential skill today.
    Proficiency in using mobile phones has become a must-have skill nowadays.
  • 强制的:compulsory 强制性的 必修的
  • preservation=conservation=protection名词
    preserve=conserve=protect保存 保留 保护 动词
  • pay attention to=give priority to=focus on=concentrate on重视 
  • 包含:embody 替换 include
  • 帮助:subsidize 替换 help assist
  • 赋予:endow (provide with a quality, ability, or asset)替换 give;empower赋予(给某人某权利)
  • 高准度,辨识…: high degree of accuracy/ recognization替换high level of…
    his is because traditional styles embody unique cultural features, which endow the buildings with a high degree of recognizability
  • 一定程度上的 a certain range of
  • 比如:For Instance / like 替换 for example
    I usually do some light exercise after work, like yoga or a short jog.(举例状语)
  • 很多a large number of(修饰可数名词复数),a large/small amount of…(不可数名词)替换many
    tremendous 形容词后可加可数名词,也可加不可数名词,除了表数量多还有表示程度超出预期
  • 大多数,少数:the majority of / A minority of
  • 多样的:various / a variety of
    Protecting rainforests requires tremendous effort from governments, organizations and individuals.保护热带雨林需要政府、组织和个人付出巨大努力
  • 不可忽视的 undeniable
  • unify 统一(动词)unity / uniformity 统一 (名词)统一的 unified
  • 保持 remain
    后接形容词:描述 “保持某种状态
    The core principle of the policy will remain unchanged. 该政策的核心原则将保持不变
    your season ticket will remain valid until the end of the year 你的季票有效期一直到年底
  • maintain维持
    The company needs to maintain high quality standards to win customer trust.
    该公司需保持高标准质量,以赢得客户信任
  • cater to + 宾语”,明确 “迎合的对象 / 需求 替换suit for
    宾语为 “特定人群”:强调为某类人提供专属服务或满足其偏好。例句:This restaurant mainly caters to people who prefer healthy, low-calorie food.翻译:这家餐厅主要迎合那些偏爱健康、低卡路里食物的人群。
    宾语为 “具体需求”:直接点明满足的需求类型,更聚焦功能层面。例句:The new app caters to the growing demand for easy-to-use language learning tools.翻译:这款新应用迎合了人们对易用型语言学习工具日益增长的需求。
  • 翻新 重建 修复 修缮 restore=renovate=rebuild=redecorate=refurbish动词(记前4个)
    restoration=renovation=rebuilding=redecoration=refurbishment名词
  • 意识 be aware of 后接名词 / 名词性短语,不可直接接从句 替换realize
    Many young people are not aware of the challenges of independent living before moving out.
    许多年轻人在搬出去前,并未意识到独立生活的挑战
  • 过度依赖
    动词:rely excessively on
    Small countries that rely excessively on a single export product will face huge risks when global market prices fluctuate.(过度依赖单一出口产品的小国,在全球市场价格波动时会面临巨大风险。
    名词:excessive dependence
    Excessive dependence on social media can lead to anxiety and loneliness.

prioritize=value=emphasize=underline=underscore=highlight在乎

meaning=significance(重要性,意义)=value=importance意义

old=ancient=previous老的 旧的

buildings=facilities=structures=establishments建筑物(地图)

feature=trait(特点通常描述性格his most important trait was his humour)=qualities=characteristics=personality=attribute性格(人)

heritage传承=inheritance

relics遗址

Be banned = be restricted = be prohibited 被禁止

infrastructure 基础设施

organised 组织好的(形容物),有条理的(形容人)

积累易错词

单词词性中文意思用法/例句
advertising不可数名词广告业;广告活动(泛指)Advertising influences consumer behavior.
advertise动词做广告;宣传Companies advertise their products on social media.
advertisement可数名词一则广告(具体的广告内容)I saw an interesting advertisement on YouTube.

条件方式状语

方式 / 条件状语由 “considering”“given” 等引导,侧重说明 “在什么前提下 / 背景下”条件状语:
We need to adjust the plan considering the time limit.(考虑到时间限制,我们需要调整计划)—— 说明 “调整计划” 的背景前提,对应你句子中的用法

Currently, citizens are disputing the issue of (用宾语从句)how to preserve(替换protect) nature considering the usage of resources

插入语

出现地点,一个大范围的名词后

For starters, authorities, especially for developing countries, should make efforts for their native residents in that people will be satisfied with their community and they can improve social equality.

“especially for developing countries” 整体作插入语,在句子中属于 “独立成分”,不直接充当主谓宾定状补等核心句子成分,仅用于补充说明;其中 “especially” 是副词,在插入语内部起强调和限定范围的作用。

句子多样性:

主语和宾语能不能互换用被动

主系表 + 不定时作状语

高级介词用法

within

“within” 主要作介词(偶尔可作副词,如 “Stay within”),作介词时核心是表达 “空间、时间、范围、限度” 等维度的 “在…… 内部 / 之内”,后接名词或名词短语构成介词短语,在句中通常作状语或定语。

  • 表 “空间”:指 “在…… 物理空间内部”,如 “The book is within the drawer”(书在抽屉里)。
  • 表 “时间”:指 “在…… 时间之内”,如 “Finish the task within 3 hours”(3 小时内完成任务)。
  • All these expenditures are contained within governmental daily operation, which are indispensable for the well-being of citizens domestically.所有这些支出都属于政府的日常运作范畴,是保障本国公民福祉所不可或缺的。

短语介词作状语 instead of,介词后都需要跟名词

主动换被动

 human well-being should be valued to a greater extent by the government.
很容易正着说政府更应该重视什么

as … as

1. 表 “范围 / 数量”:作状语,修饰名词或整个句子

中间加入 “far, long, many, much” 等词,整体作状语,说明 “范围大小” 或 “数量多少”。

  • 例句 1(表范围):The forest extends as far as the mountains.(森林一直延伸到山边。)
    • 句子成分拆解:
      • 主语:The forest
      • 谓语动词:extends


She dances as beautifully as a swan.

  • 主语(Subject):She表示句子描述的主体,即 “跳舞” 这个动作的执行者。
  • 谓语动词(Predicate Verb):dances表示主语的核心动作,“跳舞”,是句子的谓语核心。
  • 方式状语(Adverbial of Manner):as beautifully as a swan这是整个句子的关键修饰成分,用于说明 “dances”(跳舞)的 “方式 / 程度”——“和天鹅一样优美”。

核心结构 “as beautifully as a swan” 的内部拆解

该结构是 “as…as” 表原级比较的典型用法,内部可进一步拆分:

  • 第一个 “as”:副词,无实际含义,仅起引导比较的作用,连接修饰语和谓语动词。
  • 中间的 “beautifully”:副词原级,是整个比较结构的核心,直接修饰谓语动词 “dances”,表示 “优美地”。
  • 第二个 “as”:连词,用于连接比较的对象(即 “和什么相比”)。
  • 比较对象 “a swan”:名词短语,指 “天鹅”,是 “dances beautifully” 的参照对象,完整理解为 “a swan dances”(省略了与前文重复的谓语动词 “dances”,避免冗余)。

cluster

settlement
1.殖民 2.协议

拼写:
guarantee

set the stage for 铺垫
Both chapters are informative and well researched and set the stage for the economic analysis that comes later in the book.这两个章节内容丰富,调查深入,并且为本书后面的经济分析进行了铺垫。

句式丰富

非限制性定语从句

先行词是整个主句,此时从句修饰的是前面整个句子的内容,常由 “which” 引导。

  • 例句 1:He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.解析:从句补充说明 “通过考试” 这件事带来的结果 —— 让父母开心。

让步句

Although / In spite of… , …
…… However,…..

It is… 形式主语 + 主语从句

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